Quorum sensing and Candida albicans - Kruppa - 2009

quorum sensing define biology

quorum sensing define biology - win

CMV: Equal child custody for mothers and fathers is not taken seriously enough. It should be considered a basic civil rights issue and supported on the basis of gender equality.

I made this post in a "debate" sub a while back which got deleted for reasons that I'm sure are pretty obvious.
So I figured I'd post it here.
CMV = "change my view" (in the original thread).
Equal child custody is a legal concept that switches the starting point for custody to be 50/50 between the father and mother.
In legalese it is often stated to mean that the best interest of the child is defined to be a rebuttable, default presumption to equal custody. The terms rebuttable and default presumption means that equal custody is simply taken as the starting point in custody negotiations. It is not a requirement that is forced upon parents. Which means that alternative arrangements can be agreed to out of court, or argued for in court in the event of a disagreement.
Note that equal child custody is not the same thing as shared custody or joint custody. Joint custody has been interpreted by courts to mean "weekend visitation rights" or even "one day per month" in many jurisdictions. Equal custody is just that -- equal. Including when it comes to time with the child as well as when it comes to making important decisions for the child.
A couple points:

In practice this is only a thing in two US states

It is often surprising to people that this isn't already the legal standard that we go by. I can't speak to how common it is outside of the US because I don't have a formal source for that. But what I've seen is that this is very rare even outside the US.
The two US states where this is already practiced are Arizona and Kentucky.
Source:
2019 NPO Shared Parenting Report Card Highlights Some Progress and Great Disparity in State Custody Statutes. https://nationalparentsorganization.org/information-resources/2019-shared-parenting-report-card

Existing research indicates that equal custody is beneficial to children, or at least not harmful compared to giving custody primarily to the mother

There isn't a whole lot of research here but the above source links to a few studies on this topic for anyone who wants to challenge this.
Another source on this topic can be found here:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232984449_Comparison_of_Role_Demands_Relationships_and_Child_Functioning_in_Single-Mother_Single-Father_and_Intact_Families

Academic research demonstrates pretty clearly that fathers and husbands are discriminated against in family court under existing laws

Here are a list of sources found in this paper in one of the footnotes:
See id. (noting that fathers who seek custody prevail in half or more cases); Mason & Quirk, supra note 228, at 228 tbl.2 (citing statistics showing that fathers won custody in forty-two percent of custody appeals, mothers prevailed in forty-five percent of cases, and twelve percent of the cases involved some form of shared custody, including 9.2% with split custody and 2.8% with joint physical custody); Massachusetts Report, supra note 227, at 825 (finding that fathers obtain custody in 70% of cases). But see MACCOBY & MNOOKIN, supra note 13, at 103-04 (finding that mothers obtained their preferred custodial arrangement twice as often as fathers); Bahr et al., supra note 208, at 257 (showing that fathers in Utah were awarded sole custody in only twenty-one percent of disputed cases, mothers received sole custody in fifty percent of cases, seventeen percent of fathers were awarded joint legal custody, and thirteen percent had split custody); Fox & Blanton, supra note 101, at 261 (finding that when fathers in California sought joint custody and mothers sought sole custody, mothers prevailed in sixty-seven percent of the cases)
The numbers differ because different states have different statutes and legal standards. One study only shows a small bias (42% vs 45%) but others show much larger differences (21% vs 55%, "twice as often", etc).
Note that the Massachusettes study, which sticks out like a sore thumb compared to the rest of this research, is known to be fraudulent. And there are a couple of papers floating around that cite this source in isolation, sometimes by proxy (ie by citing a paper that cites that paper). I'm not sure why, but many people don't want to accept that fathers are being discriminated against, so this study gets cherry picked quite a bit.
The tldr is that the data from that study actually shows that fathers who ask for custody are a full 6 times less likely to get it compared to mothers, which is obviously evidence for discrimination. The authors pulled some academic shenanigans to make the results look different from what they are though.
The history of how that happened, and how one researcher was able to get ahold of the raw data (that they attempted to suppress), can be found here:
Rosenthal, M. B. (1995). Misrepresentation of Gender Bias in the 1989 Report of the Gender Bias Committee of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Breaking The Science.
http://www.breakingthescience.org/SJC_GBC_analysis_intro.php
Note that even these studies which demonstrate a bias in the family court system fail to show the full picture. Mothers are given custody as a legal default in most places, and it is up to the father to find the money to hire a lawyer to fight this in court. So there is a selection bias where only the best equiped fathers with the best arguments for custody, and the most money to fight it, are the ones who show up in these sources. And they still tend to lose.
One of the issues is the fact that fathers even have to go to court to request custody to begin with; it should simply be the legal default.
One last point here is that even if it were true that men and fathers were treated fairly in court, passing these laws would end up not changing anything. So why not go ahead and pass a few bills and be done with it?

Around 90% of cases are settled "out of court" but this happens against a backdrop where the father knows he stands on unequal legal footing

I've seen this argument made a few times that fathers don't want custody. Which you can see when you look at "out of court" settlements where the father presumably gives up his custody rights freely.
The only problem with this is that these negotiations are made against an existing legal backdrop that disenfranchises fathers.
Something like 99% of all criminal court cases settle out of court, but that doesn't mean that the theoretical outcomes of those cases (if fought in court) don't influence someone's choice to settle out of court. Other factors like time and cost play a role as well.
Innocent people often take plea deals under the threat of what would happen if it were taken to court, for example.
Social norms also influence how much a father wants to be a parent. And those norms are influenced by legal statute. In fact if you go back approximately 150 years, fathers commonly received full custody of their children during a divorce. That was both the legal norm and the social norm at the time. This has only changed because our laws have changed.
So if you want fathers to be in the lives of their children more often, it makes sense to default to 50/50 equal custody.

There is activism around this topic, and there is significant resistance to this idea

The National Parents Organization has been fighting for these laws for a really long time.
Recently there's been some progress made in a few US states for joint and shared parenting (which is a big improvement over sole custody). But even those laws face quite a bit of resistance from lobbying groups who want to defend the status quo.
In one famous case, a comprehensive divorce and child custody reform bill in Florida that had over 80% approval among eligible voters was shot down by the National Organization for Women (NOW). Which is a powerful lobbying group that opposes these bills pretty much everywhere that they get put up for vote.
They did something similar in Canada back in 2014 by organizing a "walk out" to prevent a quorum to even be able to vote on the bill.
And the crazy thing is that groups like NOW frame themselves as being "progressive" and advocating for gender equality when clearly they are doing the exact opposite of that.
See for example:
https://nationalparentsorganization.org/blog/21752-karen-decrow-last-now-president-to-support-shared-parenting-dies

These laws provide the exact same clauses and protections for domestic abuse as existing laws

One of the claims made by people who oppose these laws is that they hide behind something that seems fair and rational on the surface only to protect domestic abusers behind the scenes. The argument is that these bills are designed to allow abusive husbands access to their children to continue their abuse.
To begin with, that's not how these laws work. They contain all the same provisions to adjust custody arrangements based on abuse that existing laws have. The only thing that changes is the "starting point". So this is little more than just propaganda put out by people who oppose these laws (with NOW being particularly bad about it through their social media arm).
Secondly, academic research shows that mothers are just as abusive, or even slightly more abusive, than fathers are.
Acting like there's this big problem of abusive fathers, and that mothers are never abusive to their children, is itself a harmful, sexist view that is not based in reality.
Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16165212
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/childmaltreatment-facts-at-a-glance.pdf
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2013.pdf
https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/children-most-often-killed-mothers

There are other issues around child custody that need to be addressed as well

In particular, it is often the case that unmarried fathers, by default, have no parental rights at all. A man's parental rights, legally speaking, are often tied to the mother through marriage. Outside of marriage, it is the mother's decision if she wants the father to be put on the birth certificate. And while there is at least a basic presumption for partial custody during a divorce, unmarried fathers are typically presumed to have no custody at all.
In the past, unmarried mothers who didn't want their children, but also didn't want the father to have them, have put them up for adoption without the father's concent. Such actions can even allow the mother to get out of paying child support in the event that the father is able to adopt his children.
There are laws in a few states that allow the biological father to receive preferential treatment during adoption proceedings, but the fact that a mother can even put up their children for adoption without explicit consent from the father (or at least a formal waiver from a judge), shows just how little we respect the rights of fathers.
Sources:
https://fox17.com/news/local/local-dads-fighting-to-make-joint-custody-the-default
http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/paternity-registry/396044/
It really should just be the case that a father is presumed to have equal rights to his children as the mother, including even if they are not married.
Another problem I've seen is the outright denial that this is an issue. As well as related views that struggling fathers are just bad parents and deserve to be attacked and hated instead of understood and helped (like what we do for struggling mothers).
Denying this because it is inconvenient or because it demonstrates a "different type of sexism" that you don't want to acknowledge is harmful. And I'd even venture to argue is an example of sexism in and of itself (ie some people can be sexist in how they approach sexism and gender equality).
This topic should be viewed as just as important of an issue of gender equality as anything else. And the fact that we don't hear much about it really just proves how sexist society can be towards men and fathers.
submitted by Oncefa2 to LeftWingMaleAdvocates [link] [comments]

CMV: Equal child custody for mothers and fathers is not taken seriously enough. It should be considered a basic civil rights issue and supported on the basis of gender equality.

I made this post in a "debate" sub a few days ago which got deleted for reasons that I'm sure are pretty obvious (daring to argue in favor of gender equality for men).
But I figured it might be appreciated over here a little more.
Equal child custody is a legal concept that switches the starting point for custody to be 50/50 between the father and mother.
In legalese it is often stated to mean that the best interest of the child is defined to be a rebuttable, default presumption to equal custody. The terms rebuttable and default presumption means that equal custody is simply taken as the starting point in custody negotiations. It is not a requirement that is forced upon parents. Which means that alternative arrangements can be agreed to out of court, or argued for in court in the event of a disagreement.
Note that equal child custody is not the same thing as shared custody or joint custody. Joint custody has been interpreted by courts to mean "weekend visitation rights" or even "one day per month" in many jurisdictions. Equal custody is just that -- equal. Including when it comes to time with the child as well as when it comes to making important decisions for the child.
A couple points:

In practice this is only a thing in two US states

It is often surprising to people that this isn't already the legal standard that we go by. I can't speak to how common it is outside of the US because I don't have a formal source for that. But what I've seen is that this is very rare even outside the US.
The two US states where this is already practiced are Arizona and Kentucky.
Source:
2019 NPO Shared Parenting Report Card Highlights Some Progress and Great Disparity in State Custody Statutes. https://nationalparentsorganization.org/information-resources/2019-shared-parenting-report-card

Existing research indicates that equal custody is beneficial to children, or at least not harmful compared to giving custody primarily to the mother

There isn't a whole lot of research here but the above source links to a few studies on this topic for anyone who wants to challenge this.
Another source on this topic can be found here:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232984449_Comparison_of_Role_Demands_Relationships_and_Child_Functioning_in_Single-Mother_Single-Father_and_Intact_Families

Academic research demonstrates pretty clearly that fathers and husbands are discriminated against in family court under existing laws

Here are a list of sources found in this paper in one of the footnotes:
See id. (noting that fathers who seek custody prevail in half or more cases); Mason & Quirk, supra note 228, at 228 tbl.2 (citing statistics showing that fathers won custody in forty-two percent of custody appeals, mothers prevailed in forty-five percent of cases, and twelve percent of the cases involved some form of shared custody, including 9.2% with split custody and 2.8% with joint physical custody); Massachusetts Report, supra note 227, at 825 (finding that fathers obtain custody in 70% of cases). But see MACCOBY & MNOOKIN, supra note 13, at 103-04 (finding that mothers obtained their preferred custodial arrangement twice as often as fathers); Bahr et al., supra note 208, at 257 (showing that fathers in Utah were awarded sole custody in only twenty-one percent of disputed cases, mothers received sole custody in fifty percent of cases, seventeen percent of fathers were awarded joint legal custody, and thirteen percent had split custody); Fox & Blanton, supra note 101, at 261 (finding that when fathers in California sought joint custody and mothers sought sole custody, mothers prevailed in sixty-seven percent of the cases)
The numbers differ because different states have different statutes and legal standards. One study only shows a small bias (42% vs 45%) but others show much larger differences (21% vs 55%, "twice as often", etc).
Note that the Massachusettes study, which sticks out like a sore thumb compared to the rest of this research, is known to be fraudulent. And there are a couple of papers floating around that cite this source in isolation, sometimes by proxy (ie by citing a paper that cites that paper). I'm not sure why, but many people don't want to accept that fathers are being discriminated against, so this study gets cherry picked quite a bit.
The tldr is that the data from that study actually shows that fathers who ask for custody are a full 6 times less likely to get it compared to mothers, which is obviously evidence for discrimination. The authors pulled some academic shenanigans to make the results look different from what they are though.
The history of how that happened, and how one researcher was able to get ahold of the raw data (that they attempted to suppress), can be found here:
Rosenthal, M. B. (1995). Misrepresentation of Gender Bias in the 1989 Report of the Gender Bias Committee of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Breaking The Science.
http://www.breakingthescience.org/SJC_GBC_analysis_intro.php
Note that even these studies which demonstrate a bias in the family court system fail to show the full picture. Mothers are given custody as a legal default in most places, and it is up to the father to find the money to hire a lawyer to fight this in court. So there is a selection bias where only the best equiped fathers with the best arguments for custody, and the most money to fight it, are the ones who show up in these sources. And they still tend to lose.
One of the issues is the fact that fathers even have to go to court to request custody to begin with; it should simply be the legal default.
One last point here is that even if it were true that men and fathers were treated fairly in court, passing these laws would end up not changing anything. So why not go ahead and pass a few bills and be done with it?

Around 90% of cases are settled "out of court" but this happens against a backdrop where the father knows he stands on unequal legal footing

I've seen this argument made a few times that fathers don't want custody. Which you can see when you look at "out of court" settlements where the father presumably gives up his custody rights freely.
The only problem with this is that these negotiations are made against an existing legal backdrop that disenfranchises fathers.
Something like 99% of all criminal court cases settle out of court, but that doesn't mean that the theoretical outcomes of those cases (if fought in court) don't influence someone's choice to settle out of court. Other factors like time and cost play a role as well.
Innocent people often take plea deals under the threat of what would happen if it were taken to court, for example.
Social norms also influence how much a father wants to be a parent. And those norms are influenced by legal statute. In fact if you go back approximately 150 years, fathers commonly received full custody of their children during a divorce. That was both the legal norm and the social norm at the time. This has only changed because our laws have changed.
So if you want fathers to be in the lives of their children more often, it makes sense to default to 50/50 equal custody.

There is activism around this topic, and there is significant resistance to this idea

The National Parents Organization has been fighting for these laws for a really long time.
Recently there's been some progress made in a few US states for joint and shared parenting (which is a big improvement over sole custody). But even those laws face quite a bit of resistance from lobbying groups who want to defend the status quo.
In one famous case, a comprehensive divorce and child custody reform bill in Florida that had over 80% approval among eligible voters was shot down by the National Organization for Women (NOW). Which is a powerful lobbying group that opposes these bills pretty much everywhere that they get put up for vote.
They did something similar in Canada back in 2014 by organizing a "walk out" to prevent a quorum to even be able to vote on the bill.
And the crazy thing is that groups like NOW frame themselves as being "progressive" and advocating for gender equality when clearly they are doing the exact opposite of that.
See for example:
https://nationalparentsorganization.org/blog/21752-karen-decrow-last-now-president-to-support-shared-parenting-dies

These laws provide the exact same clauses and protections for domestic abuse as existing laws

One of the claims made by people who oppose these laws is that they hide behind something that seems fair and rational on the surface only to protect domestic abusers behind the scenes. The argument is that these bills are designed to allow abusive husbands access to their children to continue their abuse.
To begin with, that's not how these laws work. They contain all the same provisions to adjust custody arrangements based on abuse that existing laws have. The only thing that changes is the "starting point". So this is little more than just propaganda put out by people who oppose these laws (with NOW being particularly bad about it through their social media arm).
Secondly, academic research shows that mothers are just as abusive, or even slightly more abusive, than fathers are.
Acting like there's this big problem of abusive fathers, and that mothers are never abusive to their children, is itself a harmful, sexist view that is not based in reality.
Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16165212
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/childmaltreatment-facts-at-a-glance.pdf
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2013.pdf
https://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/children-most-often-killed-mothers

There are other issues around child custody that need to be addressed as well

In particular, it is often the case that unmarried fathers, by default, and unless voluntarily added to the birth certificate by the mother, have no parental rights at all. A man's parental rights, legally speaking, are often tied to the mother through marriage. And while there is at least a basic presumption for partial custody during a divorce, unmarried fathers are typically presumed to have no custody at all.
In the past, unmarried mothers who didn't want their children, but also didn't want the father to have them, have put them up for adoption without the father's concent. Such actions can even allow the mother to get out of paying child support in the event that the father is able to adopt his children.
There are laws in a few states that allow the biological father to receive preferential treatment during adoption proceedings, but the fact that a mother can even put up their children for adoption without explicit consent from the father (or at least a formal waiver from a judge), shows just how little we respect the rights of fathers.
Sources:
https://fox17.com/news/local/local-dads-fighting-to-make-joint-custody-the-default
http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/paternity-registry/396044/
It really should just be the case that a father is presumed to have equal rights to his children as the mother, including even if they are not married.
Another problem I've seen is the outright denial that this is an issue. As well as related views that struggling fathers are just bad parents and deserve to be attacked and hated instead of understood and helped (like what we do for struggling mothers).
Denying this because it is inconvenient or because it demonstrates a "different type of sexism" that you don't want to acknowledge is harmful. And I'd even venture to argue is an example of sexism in and of itself; many people are sexist in how they approach sexism and gender equality.
This topic should be viewed as just as important of an issue of gender equality as anything else. And the fact that we don't hear much about it really just proves how sexist society can be towards men and fathers.
submitted by Oncefa2 to MensRights [link] [comments]

The new trans policy... as a trans person.

For all cis people reading this. Please try to be understanding. Being trans is difficult and the emotions, pain and distress I feel is complicated and nuanced. What you are about to read is the initial thoughts and reactions a trans person has when learning of the new trans policy. Its kind of a rant but also communicates the experience of being trans and the illogical results this policy enforces. I only speak for myself here, other trans people may experience this differently and I don’t intend to speak for them all.
The new regulations read exactly as though a cis person, who thinks they understand trans people after reading a few articles, came up with it all and is completely ignorant of the experiences of being trans.
To me, its as if they just have never heard about social and physical dysphoria. The policy makes no sense in its attempt to include us. Its as if this was meant to be maximally hurtful in regards to social dysphoria. They just really want trans people to be socially dysphoric. Its only going to end up driving trans people from the church in my opinion.
If you haven’t read section 38.6.21, well let me give you a breakdown, paragraph by paragraph.
Transgender individuals face complex challenges. Members and nonmembers who identify as transgender—and their family and friends—should be treated with sensitivity, kindness, compassion, and an abundance of Christlike love. All are welcome to attend sacrament meeting, other Sunday meetings, and social events of the Church (see 38.1.1).
Cool. This is a great message of acceptance and understanding. Off to a good start.
Gender is an essential characteristic of Heavenly Father’s plan of happiness. The intended meaning of gender in the family proclamation is biological sex at birth. Some people experience feelings of incongruence between their biological sex and their gender identity. As a result, they may identify as transgender. The Church does not take a position on the causes of people identifying themselves as transgender.
Okay, that clarification has been needed for some time. Biological sex and the social construct of gender are two very different things. If human beings were to be wiped off the face of the earth, the concept of girls liking pink or whatever would also disappear. So if a person was assigned female at birth but identifies as a man, who married someone who was born as male and identifies as female, this would be fine in the eyes of the church. The only thing that matters here is what genetalia a person was born with. Nevermind about intersex though, that gets its own section.
The church has no understanding of why this is caused. That’s really important because they have no idea if it’s morally wrong or right.
For example: if it turns out that a chemical problem occurred in the Womb and the brain developed female, then there is no fault of the person having a body that is mismatched. Since we cannot change the brain only the body can be altered. Being trans is simply the result of the mismatch.
On the flip side, if there is no such thing as male or female brains and the person is just indulging a sexual fetish... (its not, but it illustrates the difference), well then obvious the behavior is wrong. Or it could be something else completely! The church doesn’t know, yet it came up with a policy that punishes trans people for trying to transition.
Most Church participation and some priesthood ordinances are gender neutral. Transgender persons may be baptized and confirmed as outlined in 38.2.3.14. They may also partake of the sacrament and receive priesthood blessings. However, priesthood ordination and temple ordinances are received according to birth sex.
If the church still wants to segregate priesthood authority along biological sex rather than on social construct of gender... fine. Nothing here states that anything is restricted. If a person assigned male at birth identifies as female, they can still get and use the priesthood. Sorry trans men, you are still ineligible. The church is also implying that trans women are not women here, just for clarification.
Church leaders counsel against elective medical or surgical intervention for the purpose of attempting to transition to the opposite gender of a person’s birth sex (“sex reassignment”). Leaders advise that taking these actions will be cause for Church membership restrictions.
This is in line with the previous guidelines from before. Kinda makes sense... don’t eliminate yourself from reproducing because the plan of salvation needs that.
Okay, “sex reassignment” is an antiquated term. And, there are more than one surgeries. Facial feminization surgery (which are several and distinct) , vocal surgeries, breast augmentation or removal, fat redistribution, hair transplant... etc. phalloplasty and vaginoplasty are typically what is known as gender confirmation surgery and do not include the other surgeries I listed in the medical distinctions. It seems “intent” is the only distinction that determines if its bad or not. The distinction that it is bad is in the last sentence: Your church membership suddenly becomes restricted.
Okay, the elephant in the room here. Social dysphoria is one of the kinds of dysphoria trans people experience. Physical dysphoria is another. Getting these procedures is typically done to relieve the distress one feels about their own body as well as to transition. Even if I lived alone on an island forever, with no one else, I would still seek to change my body and my looks. I would even try to change my voice despite the fact that I would never speak to anyone again. Its a physical problem, not a social one. Nothing can stop the physical dysphoria without some kind of medical intervention. The fact that the dysphoria stops after the procedures indicates that this is distinct from body dysmorphia.
Therefore, this policy forces trans people to just deal with the discomfort they feel. Never mind they have a way of alleviating it, church says its bad so don’t do it despite not defining any reason that its bad. A comparison might be to one who has extreme migraines; Church says seeking relief from migraines is bad, so deal with it.
Leaders also counsel against social transitioning. A social transition includes changing dress or grooming, or changing a name or pronouns, to present oneself as other than his or her birth sex. Leaders advise that those who socially transition will experience some Church membership restrictions for the duration of this transition.
So, intent is really key here for the last two sections. If I tell someone I am trans and I would like to be addressed as “Kate”, that would be cause for church membership restrictions. But if I did so and said “I am still a man though” It wouldn’t be cause for church restrictions. Am I reading this right? If I were to grow out my hair, would that be considered a problem? Is growing out hair on a cis person a problem? If I never tell anyone I am trans and paint my nails, is this bad? It seems again, intent is all that is at play. If I paint my nails, grow my hair out, wear a dress and I don’t try to infer that I am of another gender then thats okay? If I paint my nails to relieve my dysphoria is that intentionally trying to be the other gender? This distinction is really weird because the two are inseparable linked. Transitioning -is- the way to alleviate dysphoria. Only the trans person could ever determine if they did so with the intent to transition. If someone else decided they intended to do so, that’s impossible for them to know. It could just be that the trans person was having a reaaaally bad dysphoria day. The only way to know would be to ask the trans person. If someone else mistook them for the other gender... again if they didn’t intend for that to happen, its not a problem right?
This guideline is a mess. How is anyone supposed to be interpreting anything here? Is it okay for me to relieve my dysphoria despite pushing me to transition a bit more? It seems like whoever wrote this was just completely ignorant of dysphoria. Transitioning is the cure for dysphoria. Its in the DSM-V. Its why surgery and treatments exist.
Restrictions include receiving or exercising the priesthood, receiving or using a temple recommend, and receiving some Church callings. Although some privileges of Church membership are restricted, other Church participation is welcomed.
So no more temple blessings, get kicked out of my calling and I cannot use the priesthood. Sounds like I have been disfellowshipped or put before a disciplinary counsel. And if I advocate it wasn’t my intent, will this simply not apply? Or will they just have to take it at face value? What metrics do we have to determine intent? So, a trans person has to volunteer themselves into this punishment by being honest with themselves and their leaders?
Transgender individuals who do not pursue medical, surgical, or social transition to the opposite gender and are worthy may receive Church callings, temple recommends, and temple ordinances.
Okay, well its good to know that being trans in and of itself isn’t a sin. It’s only attempting to deal with it that is a problem. Got it, homosexuals and trans people have this in common.
Some children, youth, and adults are prescribed hormone therapy by a licensed medical professional to ease gender dysphoria or reduce suicidal thoughts. Before a person begins such therapy, it is important that he or she (and the parents of a minor) understands the potential risks and benefits. If these members are not attempting to transition to the opposite gender and are worthy, they may receive Church callings, temple recommends, and temple ordinances.
Okay, Now we are into territory that is just a minefield. So, I am on HRT for this very reason. Before these guidelines, this wasn’t restricted and I am grateful its still open to me. However, one of the purposes of hormone therapy is to transition and relieve suicidal tendencies. HRT causes real changes to the body. Voice will drop or breasts to grow. Without it I am suicidal, and one of the great things about it is that it is causing me to change (which is a huge relief to my physical dysphoria). But I have just been told I cannot use it to transition. So... the effects can’t be cancelled out and it will likely result in sterility. If I take this pre puberty, I am going to grow up looking and sounding exactly as a girl. Post puberty, I could end up in the same boat to varying degrees. Do I then have to dress in mens clothes and tell everyone I am a man? Same goes doubly for a trans man, testosterone is much more potent at causing physical changes. Will trans men be forced to wear a dress to church despite looking and sounding like a man? If they don’t could you argue they intended to transition?
This is going to cause even more dysphoria! Women’s and mens clothes do not account for trans people. A trans man with a hairy chest and breasts would not look good in a dress. Every time they looked down, or looked in a mirror or talked with someone they would notice this problem. The social and physical dysphoria would be a punch to the gut every time. Additionally, they would be treated as a woman and be forced to attend young women’s or relief society. I would be forced to attend elders quorum despite my breasts and female fat distribution. I am going to stick out like a sore thumb and most trans people I know don’t want to stick out, they just want to blend in.
This policy makes escaping your social and physical dysphoria impossible in the church context. If you are trans, you have to wear it on your sleeve (just make sure you don’t do so with the intent to transition.)
Seriously. This whole policy is a slap in the face. Often I feel suicidal because I can’t transition. Taking hormones is a small transition step that alleviates dysphoria by causing the tiny nuances of being a woman or a man change in the body as well as the mental impact switching from the fire that is testosterone to the serene feeling of estrogen.
If the church didn’t allow this, there would be more trans suicides in my opinion. But then restricting any other transitioning is completely unethical and might lead to suicides itself! You are forcing someone to out themselves to a hostile world by not letting them fully transition. They are forcing trans people to be in a partial state of transition, even if they don’t intend to transition, it’s usually painfully obvious. Might as well put a sign on our backs. This is a damned if you do, damned if you don’t situation. Having dysphoria is another reason trans people commit suicide. See what we mean when we say being trans is complicated? Thats why we need nuanced, comprehensive policy worked on by trans members of the church. There is more at stake here than I think the policy makers realize.
If a member decides to change his or her preferred name or pronouns of address, the name preference may be noted in the preferred name field on the membership record. The person may be addressed by the preferred name in the ward.
What? Didn’t we just go through a whole section about intent? Although having someone call you by the name and pronouns I desire might ease social dysphoria, its compounded by the fact that I have to wear male clothing or have other male aspects of my appearance. You would be permitted to call me sister Kate and reference me as a she while I have to continually signal that I am not transitioning and am presenting male? Wouldn’t asking to have this updated be considered intent? But hey! I get to finally update my record with the name I wished to have been born with.
Circumstances vary greatly from unit to unit and person to person. Members and leaders counsel together and with the Lord. Area Presidencies will help local leaders sensitively address individual situations. Bishops counsel with the stake president. Stake presidents and mission presidents must seek counsel from the Area Presidency (see 32.6.3 and 32.6.3.1).
So, there is some leeway in how these guidelines are applied. We just have to get approval from all the higher ups who will likely never meet us and only get representation through our local leaders. At least exceptions could be made, that is nice.
For further information on understanding and supporting transgender individuals, see “Transgender” on ChurchofJesusChrist.org.
We have reached the end. Reading through that section of the website was a trip. Mostly its a rehash of what was said here and some good counsel for cis people to accept and understand trans people. One very interesting thing that stood out to me is where they stuck the recommendation to get counseling.
Nowhere in this document did it state that a trans person should seek therapy. It only states this in the “support” section of the website intended for cis people.
When it comes to gender-related concerns, you should exercise great care in selecting a therapist who respects your values and does not seek to impose one particular outcome. Therapists should respect your right to determine your values and goals for your life.
Heaven forbid a trans person to seek a therapist in line with this counsel. Its completely omitted from any of the sections talking directly to the trans person. Instead this is solely focused on the partner or care giver or parent.
This is an implied dig at trans people and therapists that they cannot act in line with these policies. Someone else has to take control and do whats best for them because they don’t have the integrity to do it themselves.
Its subtle, but its there. They deliberately put this in that section. A trans person may miss this entirely because it was at the very end and in a section not targeted to them.
The problem this whole therapy thing is trying to get around is the medical communities recommendation to transition. That is what the guidelines tell therapists to do. So obviously you can’t just go see anyone, you have to select your therapist to completely disregard the medical guidelines.
I chalk this up to ignorance but it’s maddening misleading and deceptive.
And that is just my first impression of this policy. It honestly seems that the persons who wrote it are just ignorant of the trans experience, what dysphoria is and the various aspects of it and how it will impact us in a practical sense.
Finally... all of this was implemented with no justification. There is no reason “why” transitioning or being trans is bad, we just can’t do it. None of the actions on their own are sinful. Getting surgery or growing my hair out is not a sin. Its only the “intent“ that causes it to be bad. I have to live with my dysphoria and pain for the rest of my life without intending to seek relief.
This policy is completely misguided if its aim was to prevent trans people from leaving the church or harming themselves. I honestly cried reading this policy. It gave me despair that nothing in this life has any relief. It promises us that in the next life, all will be well, but in this life we just have to suffer.
submitted by AKateTooLate to mormon [link] [comments]

AP Bio Guide (Units 8 in comments)

AP Bio Guide (Units 8 in comments)

1) Chemistry of Life

Content

  • Transpiration
    • Hydrogen bonds pull water up like string and leave through stoma
    • Stomata: leaf pores that allow gas exchange, most are on bottom side of leaf
    • Xylem: tube-shaped, nonlining, vascular system, carries water from roots to rest of plant
    • Epidermis: outer layer, protects plant
    • Phloem: transports food
    • Parenchyma: stores food
    • Transpiration: evaporation of water from leaves
    • Adhesion: polar water molecules adhere to polar surfaces (sides of xylem)
    • Cohesion: polar water molecules adhere to each other
    • Guard cells: cells surrounding stoma, regulate transpiration through opening and closing stoma
    • Turgid vs flaccid guard cells
      • Turgid swell caused by potassium ions, water potential decreases, water enters vacuoles of guard cells
      • Swelling of guard cells open stomata
    • High light levels, high levels of water, low temperature, low CO2 causes opening of stomata
    • Water potential: transport of water in plant governed by differences in water potential
      • Affected by solute concentration and environmental conditions
    • High water potential (high free energy and more water) travels to low water potential
    • Hydrophilic = attracts water, hydrophobic = repels water
  • Water and its Properties
    • Polar molecule due to positive hydrogen and negative oxygen regions
    • Negative oxygen of one molecule to positive hydrogen of another water molecule forms a hydrogen bond, which are weak individually but strong together
    • Important physical properties of water:
      • Cohesion and adhesion: cohesion creates surface tension and they both allow for transpiration
      • High specific heat: enables water to absorb and lose heat slowly
      • High heat of vaporization: allows much of it to remain liquid
      • Nearly universal polar solvent: dissolves a lot of stuff
      • Flotation of ice: insulates, transportation
  • Biological Macromolecules
    • Polymer: long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds
    • Monomer: building block of a polymer
    • ATP - adenosine triphosphate, energy carrier that uses bonds between phosphates to store energy
      • Similar in structure to a ribonucleotide
    • Four Types
      • Carbohydrates
      • Lipids
      • Proteins
      • Nucleic Acids
https://preview.redd.it/xp12oli61w451.png?width=1098&format=png&auto=webp&s=cc897738989258c67bcc760ba040e2cee8f7875c
  • Functional groups
    • Hydroxyl - carbs, alcohols - OH-, O-
    • Amino - proteins - NH2, NH3+
    • Carboxyl - weak acids - COOH, COO-
    • Sulfhydryl - proteins - SH
    • Phosphatic - salts, strong acids - PO
  • Directionality:
    • ex: glucose alpha and beta
    • ex: DNA and RNA 5’ and 3’ ends
  • Identification of Macromolecules
https://preview.redd.it/cb3oau2j1w451.png?width=1089&format=png&auto=webp&s=409e26f32c9996a3649bad81d17ed72769955ce9
​

Calculations

  • Number of bonds
    • # of molecules - 1
    • i.e. 20 glucose molecules linked together would have 19 bonds
  • Molecular formula
    • # of molecules * molecular formula - number of bonds * H20 (from hydrolysis)
    • i.e. when you bond 5 glucose molecules together you have to subtract 4H2O
  • pH/pOH
    • -log[H+] = pH
    • -log[OH-] = pOH
    • pH + pOH = 14
  • Leaf surface area
    • i.e. using graph paper to find surface area
  • Transpiration rate
    • Amount of water used / surface area / time

Labs

  • Transpiration Lab
    • Basically you take this potometer which measures the amount of water that gets sucked up by a plant that you have and you expose the plant to different environmental conditions (light, humidity, temperature) and see how fast the water gets transpired
    • Random stuff to know:
      • It’s hard to get it to work properly
      • A tight seal of vaseline keeps everything tidy and prevents water from evaporating straight from the tube, also allows for plant to suck properly
      • Water travels from high water potential to low water potential

2) Cell Structure & Function

Content

  • Cellular Components
    • Many membrane-bound organelles evolved from once free prokaryotes via endosymbiosis, such as mitochondria (individual DNA)
    • Compartmentalization allows for better SA:V ratio and helps regulate cellular processes
    • Cytoplasm: thick solution in each cell containing water, salts, proteins, etc; everything - nucleus
      • Cytoplasmic streaming: moving all the organelles around to give them nutrients, speeds up reactions
    • Cytosol: liquid of the cytoplasm (mostly water)
    • Plasma Membrane: separates inside of cell from extracellular space, controls what passes through amphipathic area (selectively permeable)
      • Fluid-Mosaic model: phospholipid bilayer + embedded proteins
      • Aquaporin: hole in membrane that allows water through
    • Cell Wall: rigid polysaccharide layer outside of plasma membrane in plants/fungi/bacteria
      • Bacteria have peptidoglycan, fungi have chitin, and plants have cellulose and lignin
      • Turgor pressure pushes the membrane against the wall
    • Nucleus: contains genetic information
      • Has a double membrane called the nuclear envelope with pores
    • Nucleolus: in nucleus, produces ribosomes
    • Chromosomes: contain DNA
    • Centrioles: tubulin thing that makes up centrosome in the middle of a chromosome
    • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: storage of proteins and lipids
    • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: synthesizes and packages proteins
    • Chloroplasts: photosynthetic, sunlight transferred into chemical energy and sugars
      • More on this in photosynthesis
    • Vacuoles: storage, waste breakdown, hydrolysis of macromolecules, plant growth
    • Plasmodesmata: channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells
    • Golgi Apparatus: extracellular transport
    • Lysosome: degradation and waste management
      • Mutations in the lysosome cause the cell to swell with unwanted molecules and the cell will slow down or kill itself
    • Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell
      • Mutations in the mitochondria cause a lack of deficiency of energy in the cell leading to an inhibition of cell growth
    • Vesicles: transport of intracellular materials
    • Microtubules: tubulin, stiff, mitosis, cell transport, motor proteins
    • Microfilaments: actin, flexible, cell movement
    • Flagella: one big swim time
    • Cilia: many small swim time
    • Peroxisomes: bunch of enzymes in a package that degrade H202 with catalase
    • Ribosomes: protein synthesis
    • Microvilli: projections that increase cell surface area like tiny feetsies
      • In the intestine, for example, microvilli allow more SA to absorb nutrients
    • Cytoskeleton: hold cell shape
  • Cellular Transport
    • Passive transport: diffusion
      • Cell membranes selectively permeable (large and charged repelled)
      • Tonicity: osmotic (water) pressure gradient
    • Cells are small to optimize surface area to volume ratio, improving diffusion
    • Primary active transport: ATP directly utilized to transport
    • Secondary active transport: something is transported using energy captured from movement of other substance flowing down the concentration gradient
    • Endocytosis: large particles enter a cell by membrane engulfment
      • Phagocytosis: “cell eating”, uses pseudopodia around solids and packages it within a membrane
      • Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”, consumes droplets of extracellular fluid
      • Receptor-mediated endocytosis: type of pinocytosis for bulk quantities of specific substances
    • Exocytosis: internal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large molecules out of the cell
    • Ion channels and the sodium potassium pump
      • Ion channel: facilitated diffusion channel that allows specific molecules through
      • Sodium potassium pump: uses charged ions (sodium and potassium)
    • Membrane potential: voltage across a membrane
    • Electrogenic pump: transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
    • Proton pump: transports protons out of the cell (plants/fungi/bacteria)
    • Cotransport: single ATP-powered pump transports a specific solute that can drive the active transport of several other solutes
    • Bulk flow: one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure
    • Dialysis: diffusion of solutes across a selective membrane
  • Cellular Components Expanded: The Endomembrane System
    • Nucleus + Rough ER + Golgi Bodies
      • Membrane and secretory proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles with the integral protein fuse with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, modified in Golgi, exits as an integral membrane protein of the vesicles that bud from the Golgi’s trans face, protein becomes an integral portion of that cell membrane

Calculations

  • Surface area to volume ratio of a shape (usually a cube)
  • U-Shaped Tube (where is the water traveling)
    • Solution in u-shaped tube separated by semi-permeable membrane
    • find average of solute (that is able to move across semi permeable membrane)
    • add up total molar concentration on both sides
    • water travels where concentration is higher
  • Water Potential = Pressure Potential + Solute Potential
    • Solute Potential = -iCRT
      • i = # of particles the molecule will make in water
      • C = molar concentration
      • R = pressure constant (0.0831)
      • T = temperature in kelvin

Labs

  • Diffusion and Osmosis
    • Testing the concentration of a solution with known solutions
    • Dialysis bag
      • Semipermeable bag that allows the water to pass through but not the solute
    • Potato core
      • Has a bunch of solutes inside

Relevant Experiments

  • Lynne Margolis: endosymbiotic theory (mitochondria lady)
  • Chargaff: measured A/G/T/C in everything (used UV chromatography)
  • Franklin + Watson and Crick: discovered structure of DNA; Franklin helped with x ray chromatography

3) Cellular Energetics

Content

  • Reactions and Thermodynamics
    • Baseline: used to establish standard for chemical reaction
    • Catalyst: speeds up a reaction (enzymes are biological catalysts)
    • Exergonic: energy is released
    • Endergonic: energy is consumed
    • Coupled reactions: energy lost/released from exergonic reaction is used in endergonic one
    • Laws of Thermodynamics:
      • First Law: energy cannot be created nor destroyed, and the sum of energy in the universe is constant
      • Second Law: energy transfer leads to less organization (greater entropy)
      • Third Law: the disorder (entropy) approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches 0
    • Cellular processes that release energy may be coupled with other cellular processes
    • Loss of energy flow means death
    • Energy related pathways in biological systems are sequential to allow for a more controlled/efficient transfer of energy (product of one metabolic pathway is reactant for another)
    • Bioenergetics: study of how energy is transferred between living things
    • Fuel + 02 = CO2 + H20
      • Combustion, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration (with slight differences in energy)
  • Enzymes
    • Speed up chemical processes by lowering activation energy
    • Structure determines function
    • Active sites are selective
    • Enzymes are typically tertiary- or quaternary-level proteins
    • Catabolic: break down / proteases and are exergonic
    • Anabolic: build up and are endergonic
    • Enzymes do not change energy levels
    • Substrate: targeted molecules in enzymatic
    • Many enzymes named by ending substrate in “-ase”
    • Enzymes form temporary substrate-enzyme complexes
    • Enzymes remain unaffected by the reaction they catalyze
    • Enzymes can’t change a reaction or make other reactions occur
    • Induced fit: enzyme has to change its shape slightly to accommodate the substrate
    • Cofactor: factor that help enzymes catalyze reactions (org or inorg)
      • Examples: temp, pH, relative ratio of enzyme and substrate
      • Organic cofactors are called coenzymes
    • Denaturation: enzymes damaged by heat or pH
    • Regulation: protein’s function at one site is affected by the binding of regulatory molecule to a separate site
    • Enzymes enable cells to achieve dynamic metabolism - undergo multiple metabolic processes at once
    • Cannot make an endergonic reaction exergonic
    • Steps to substrates becoming products
      • Substrates enters active site, enzyme changes shape
      • Substrates held in active site by weak interactions (i.e. hydrogen bonds)
      • Substrates converted to product
      • Product released
      • Active site available for more substrate
    • Rate of enzymatic reaction increases with temperature but too hot means denaturation
    • Inhibitors fill the active site of enzymes
      • Some are permanent, some are temporary
      • Competitive: block substrates from their active sites
      • Non competitive (allosteric): bind to different part of enzyme, changing the shape of the active site
    • Allosteric regulation: regulatory molecules interact with enzymes to stimulate or inhibit activity
    • Enzyme denaturation can be reversible
  • Cellular Respiration
    • Steps
      • Glycolysis
      • Acetyl co-A reactions
      • Krebs / citric acid cycle
      • Oxidative phosphorylation
    • Brown fat: cells use less efficient energy production method to make heat
    • Hemoglobin (transport, fetal oxygen affinity > maternal) and myoglobin (stores oxygen)
  • Photosynthesis
    • 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
    • Absorption vs action spectrum (broader, cumulative, overall rate of photosynthesis)
    • Components
      • Chloroplast
      • Mesophyll: interior leaf tissue that contains chloroplasts
      • Pigment: substance that absorbs light
    • Steps
      • Light-Dependent Reaction
      • Light-Independent (Dark) Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
  • Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
    • Glycolysis yields 2ATP + 2NADH + 2 Pyruvate
    • 2NADH + 2 Pyruvate yields ethanol and lactate
    • Regenerates NAD+

Calculations

  • Calculate products of photosynthesis & cellular respiration

Labs

  • Enzyme Lab
    • Peroxidase breaks down peroxides which yields oxygen gas, quantity measured with a dye
    • Changing variables (i.e. temperature) yields different amounts of oxygen
  • Photosynthesis Lab
    • Vacuum in a syringe pulls the oxygen out of leaf disks, no oxygen causes them to sink in bicarbonate solution, bicarbonate is added to give the disks a carbon source for photosynthesis which occurs at different rates under different conditions, making the disks buoyant
  • Cellular Respiration Lab
    • Use a respirometer to measure the consumption of oxygen (submerge it in water)
    • You put cricket/animal in the box that will perform cellular respiration
    • You put KOH in the box with cricket to absorb the carbon dioxide (product of cellular respiration)-- it will form a solid and not impact your results

Relevant Experiments

  • Engelmann
    • Absorption spectra dude with aerobic bacteria

4) Cell Communication & Cell Cycle

Content

  • Cell Signalling
    • Quorum sensing: chemical signaling between bacteria
      • See Bonnie Bassler video
    • Taxis/Kinesis: movement of an organism in response to a stimulus (chemotaxis is response to chemical)
    • Ligand: signalling molecule
    • Receptor: ligands bind to elicit a response
    • Hydrophobic: cholesterol and other such molecules can diffuse across the plasma membrane
    • Hydrophilic: ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic receptors, G-protein receptor
  • Signal Transduction
    • Process by which an extracellular signal is transmitted to inside of cell
    • Pathway components
      • Signal/Ligand
      • Receptor protein
      • Relay molecules: second messengers and the phosphorylation cascade
      • DNA response
    • Proteins in signal transduction can cause cancer if activated too much (tumor)
      • RAS: second messenger for growth factor-- suppressed by p53 gene (p53 is protein made by gene) if it gets too much
    • Response types
      • Gene expression changes
      • Cell function
      • Alter phenotype
      • Apoptosis- programmed cell death
      • Cell growth
      • Secretion of various molecules
    • Mutations in proteins can cause effects downstream
    • Pathways are similar and many bacteria emit the same chemical within pathways, evolution!
  • Feedback
    • Positive feedback amplifies responses
      • Onset of childbirth, lactation, fruit ripening
    • Negative feedback regulates response
      • Blood sugar (insulin goes down when glucagon goes up), body temperature
  • Cell cycle
    • Caused by reproduction, growth, and tissue renewal
    • Checkpoint: control point that triggers/coordinates events in cell cycle
    • Mitotic spindle: microtubules and associated proteins
      • Cytoskeleton partially disassembles to provide the material to make the spindle
      • Elongates with tubulin
      • Shortens by dropping subunits
      • Aster: radial array of short microtubules
      • Kinetochores on centrosome help microtubules to attach to chromosomes
    • IPMAT: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
      • PMAT is mitotic cycle
    • Steps
      • Interphase
      • Mitosis
      • Cytokinesis
    • Checkpoints
      • 3 major ones during cell cycle:
      • cyclin-cdk-mpf: cyclin dependent kinase mitosis promoting factor
      • Anchorage dependence: attached, very important aspect to cancer
      • Density dependence: grow to a certain size, can’t hurt organs
      • Genes can suppress tumors
    • G0 phase is when cells don’t grow at all (nerve, muscle, and liver cells)

Calculations

Relevant Experiments

  • Sutherland
    • Broke apart liver cells and realized the significance of the signal transduction pathway, as the membrane and the cytoplasm can’t activate glycogen phosphorylase by themselves

5) Heredity

Content

  • Types of reproduction
    • Sexual: two parents, mitosis/meiosis, genetic variation/diversity (and thus higher likelihood of survival in a changing environment)
    • Asexual: doesn’t require mate, rapid, almost genetically identitical (mutations)
      • Binary fission (bacteria)
      • Budding (yeast cells)
      • Fragmentation (plants and sponges)
      • Regeneration (starfish, newts, etc.)
  • Meiosis
    • One diploid parent cell undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce up to four haploid genetically varied cells
    • n = 23 in humans, where n is the number of unique chromosomes
    • Meiosis I
      • Prophase: synapsis (two chromosome sets come together to form tetrad), chromosomes line up with homologs, crossing over
      • Metaphase: tetrads line up at metaphase plate, random alignment
      • Anaphase: tetrad separation, formation at opposite poles, homologs separate with their centromeres intact
      • Telophase: nuclear membrane forms, two haploid daughter cells form
    • Meiosis II
      • Prophase: chromosomes condense
      • Metaphase: chromosomes line up single file, not pairs, on the metaphase plate
      • Anaphase: chromosomes split at centromere
      • Telophase: nuclear membrane forms and 4 total haploid cells are produced
    • Genetic variation
      • Crossing over: homologous chromosomes swap genetic material
      • Independent assortment: homologous chromosomes line up randomly
      • Random fertilization: random sperm and random egg interact
    • Gametogenesis
      • Spermatogenesis: sperm production
      • Oogenesis: egg cells production (¼ of them degenerate)
  • Fundamentals of Heredity
    • Traits: expressed characteristics
    • Gene: “chunk” of DNA that codes for a specific trait
    • Homologous chromosomes: two copies of a gene
    • Alleles: copies of chromosome may differ bc of crossing over
    • Homozygous/Heterozygous: identical/different
    • Phenotype: physical representation of genotype
    • Generations
      • Parent or P1
      • Filial or F1
      • F2
    • Law of dominance: one trait masks the other one
      • Complete: one trait completely covers the other one
      • Incomplete: traits are both expressed
      • Codominance: traits combine
    • Law of segregation (Mendel): each gamete gets one copy of a gene
    • Law of independent assortment (Mendel): traits segregate independently from one another
    • Locus: location of gene on chromosome
    • Linked genes: located on the same chromosome, loci less than 50 cM apart
    • Gene maps and linkage maps
    • Nondisjunction: inability of chromosomes to separate (ex down syndrome)
    • Polygenic: many genes influence one phenotype
    • Pleiotropic: one gene influences many phenotypes
    • Epistasis: one gene affects another gene
    • Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally
  • Diseases/Disorders
    • Genetic:
      • Tay-Sachs: can’t break down specific lipid in brain
      • Sickle cell anemia: misshapen RBCs
      • Color blindness
      • Hemophilia: lack of clotting factors
    • Chromosomal:
      • Turner: only one X chromosome
      • Klinefelter: XXY chromosomes
      • Down syndrome (trisomy 21): nondisjunction
  • Crosses
    • Sex-linked stuff
    • Blood type
    • Barr bodies: in women, two X chromosomes; different chromosomes expressed in different parts of the body, thus creating two different phenotype expressions in different places

Calculations

  • Pedigree/Punnett Square
  • Recombination stuff
    • Recombination rate = # of recombinable offspring/ total offspring (times 100) units: map units

Relevant Experiments

  • Mendel

6) Gene Expression and Regulation

Content

  • DNA and RNA Structure
    • Prokaryotic organisms typically have circular chromosomes
    • Plasmids = extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules
    • Purines (G, A) are double-ringed while pyrimidines (C, T, U) have single ring
    • Types of RNA:
      • mRNA - (mature) messenger RNA (polypeptide production)
      • tRNA - transfer RNA (polypeptide production)
      • rRNA - ribosomal RNA (polypeptide production)
      • snRNA - small nuclear RNA (bound to snRNPs - small nuclear ribonucleoproteins)
      • miRNA - microRNA (regulatory)
  • DNA Replication
    • Steps:
      • Helicase opens up the DNA at the replication fork.
      • Single-strand binding proteins coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent rewinding of the DNA.
      • Topoisomerase works at the region ahead of the replication fork to prevent supercoiling.
      • Primase synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand.
      • DNA polymerase III extends the primers, adding on to the 3' end, to make the bulk of the new DNA.
      • RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase I.
      • The gaps between DNA fragments are sealed by DNA ligase.
  • Protein Synthesis
    • 61 codons code for amino acids, 3 code as STOP - UAA, UAG, UGA - 64 total
    • Transcription Steps:
      • RNA polymerase binds to promoter (before gene) and separate the DNA strands
      • RNA polymerase fashions a complementary RNA strand from a DNA strand
      • Coding strand is same as RNA being made, template strand is complementary
      • Terminator on gene releases the RNA polymerase
    • RNA Processing Steps (Eukaryotes):
      • 5’ cap and 3’ (poly-A tail, poly A polymerase) tail is added to strand (guanyl transferase)
      • Splicing of the RNA occurs in which introns are removed and exons are added by spliceosome
      • Cap/tail adds stability, splicing makes the correct sequence (“gibberish”)
    • Translation Steps:
      • Initiation complex is the set up of a ribosome around the beginning of an mRNA fragment
      • tRNA binds to codon, amino acid is linked to other amino acid
      • mRNA is shifted over one codon (5’ to 3’)
      • Stop codon releases mRNA
  • Gene Expression
    • Translation of mRNA to a polypeptide occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm as well as rough ER
    • Translation of the mRNA occurs during transcription in prokaryotes
    • Genetic info in retroviruses is an exception to normal laws: RNA to DNA is possible with reverse transcriptase, which allows the virus to integrate into the host’s DNA
    • Regulatory sequences = stretches of DNA that interact with regulatory proteins to control transcription
    • Epigenetic changes can affect expression via mods of DNA or histones
    • Observable cell differentiation results from the expression of genes for tissue-specific proteins
    • Induction of transcription factors during dev results in gene expression
    • Prokaryotes: operons transcribed in a single mRNA molecule, inducible system
    • Eukaryotes: groups of genes may be influenced by the same transcription factors to coordinate expression
    • Promoters = DNA sequences that RNA polymerase can latch onto to initiate
    • Negative regulators inhibit gene expression by binding to DNA and blocking transcription
    • Acetylation (add acetyl groups)- more loosely wound/ less tightly coiled/compressed
    • Methylation of DNA (add methyl groups) - less transcription- more tightly wound
  • Mutation and Genetic Variation
    • Disruptions in genes (mutations) change phenotypes
    • Mutations can be +/-/neutral based on their effects that are conferred by the protein formed - environmental context
    • Errors in DNA replication or repair as well as external factors such as radiation or chemical exposure cause them
    • Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation
    • Horizontal acquisition in prokaryotes - transformation (uptake of naked DNA), transduction (viral DNA transmission), conjugation (cell-cell DNA transfer), and transposition (DNA moved within/between molecules) - increase variation
    • Related viruses can (re)combine genetic material in the same host cell
    • Types of mutations: frameshift, deletion, insertion
  • Genetic Engineering
    • Electrophoresis separates molecules by size and charge
    • PCR magnifies DNA fragments
    • Bacterial transformation introduces DNA into bacterial cells
  • Operons
    • Almost always prokaryotic
    • Promoter region has operator in it
    • Structural genes follow promoter
    • Terminator ends operon
    • Regulatory protein is active repressor
    • Active repressor can be inactivated
    • Enhancer: remote gene that require activators
    • RNAi: interference with miRNA
    • Anabolic pathways are normally on and catabolic pathways are normally off

Calculations

  • Transformation efficiency (colonies/DNA)
  • Numbers of base pairs (fragment lengths)
  • Cutting enzymes in a plasmid or something (finding the lengths of each section)

Labs

  • Gel Electrophoresis Lab
    • Phosphates in DNA make it negative (even though it’s an acid!), so it moves to positive terminal on the board
    • Smaller DNA is quicc, compare it to a standard to calculate approx. lengths
  • Bacterial Transformation Lab
    • Purpose of sugar: arabinose is a promoter which controls the GFP in transformed cells, turns it on, also green under UV
    • Purpose of flipping upside down: condensation forms but doesn’t drip down
    • Purpose of heat shock: increases bacterial uptake of foreign DNA
    • Plasmids have GFP (green fluorescent protein) and ampicillin resistance genes
    • Calcium solution puts holes in bacteria to allow for uptake of plasmids
  • PCR Lab
    • DNA + primers + nucleotides + DNA polymerase in a specialized PCR tube in a thermal cycler
    • Primers bind to DNA before it can repair itself, DNA polymerase binds to the primers and begins replication
    • After 30 cycles, there are billions of target sequences

Relevant Experiments

  • Avery: harmful + harmless bacteria in mice, experimented with proteins vs DNA of bacteria
  • Griffith: Avery’s w/o DNA vs protein
  • Hershey and Chase: radioactively labeled DNA and protein
  • Melson and Stahl: isotopic nitrogen in bacteria, looked for cons/semi/dispersive DNA
  • Beadle and Tatum: changed medium’s amino acid components to find that a metabolic pathway was responsible for turning specific proteins into other proteins, “one gene one enzyme”
  • Nirenberg: discovered codon table

7) Natural Selection

  • Scientific Theory: no refuting evidence (observation + experimentation), time, explain a brand/extensive range of phenomena
  • Theory of Natural Selection
    • Definition
      • Not all offspring (in a population) will survive
      • Variation among individuals in a population
      • Some variations were more favourable than others in a particular environment
      • Those with more favourable variations were more likely to survive and reproduce.
      • These favourable variations were passed on and increased in frequency over time.
  • Types of Selection:
    • Directional selection: one phenotype favored at one of the extremes of the normal distribution
      • ”Weeds out” one phenotype
      • Ony can happen if a favored allele is already present
    • Stabilizing Selection: Organisms within a population are eliminated with extreme traits
      • Favors “average” or medium traits
      • Ex. big head causes a difficult delivery; small had causes health deficits
    • Disruptive Selection: favors both extremes and selects against common traits
      • Ex. sexual selection (seems like directional but it’s not because it only affects one sex, if graph is only males then directional)
  • Competition for limited resources results in differential survival, favourable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent generations.
    • Biotic and abiotic environments can be more or less stable/fluctuating, and this affects the rate and direction of evolution
      • Convergent evolution occurs when similar selective pressures result in similar phenotypic adaptations in different populations or species.
      • Divergent evolution: groups from common ancestor evolve, homology
      • Different genetic variations can be selected in each generation.
      • Environments change and apply selective pressures to populations.
    • Evolutionary fitness is measured by reproductive success.
    • Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations.
      • Some phenotypic variations significantly increase or decrease the fitness of the organism in particular environments.
    • Through artificial selection, humans affect variation in other species.
      • Humans choose to cause artificial selection with specific traits, accidental selection caused by humans is not artificial
    • Random occurrences
      • Mutation
      • Genetic drift - change in existing allele frequency
      • Migration
    • Reduction of genetic variation within a given population can increase the differences between populations of the same species.
    • Conditions for a population or an allele to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are
      • Large population size
      • Absence of migration
      • No net mutations
      • Random mating
      • Absence of selection
    • Changes in allele frequencies provide evidence for the occurrence of evolution in a population.
    • Small populations are more susceptible to random environmental impact than large populations.
    • Gene flow: transference of genes/alleles between populations
  • Speciation: one species splits off into multiple species
    • Sympatric (living together i.e. disruption) Allopatric (physically separate, i.e. founder effect) Parapatric (habitats overlapping)
      • Polyploidy (autopolyploidy), sexual selection
    • Species: group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce healthy, fertile offspring but can’t breed with other species (ex. a horse and donkey can produce a mule but a mule is nonviable, so it doesn’t qualify)
      • Morphological definition: body shape and structural characteristics define a species
      • Ecological species definition: way populations interact with their environments define a species
      • Phylogenetic species definition: smallest group that shares a common ancestor is a species
    • Prezygotic barriers: barriers to reproduction before zygote is formed
      • Geographical error: two organisms are in different areas
      • Behavioural error (i.e. mating rituals aren’t the same)
      • Mechanical error: “the pieces don’t fit together”
      • Temporal error (i.e. one organism comes out at night while the other comes out in the day)
      • Zygotic/Gametic isolation: sperm and egg don’t physically meet
    • Postzygotic barriers: barriers to reproduction after zygote is formed
      • Hybrid viability: developmental errors of offspring
      • Hybrid fertility: organism is sterilized
      • Hybrid breakdown: offspring over generations aren’t healthy
    • Hybrid zone: region in which members of different species meet and mate
      • Reinforcement: hybrids less fit than parents, die off, strength prezygotic barriers
      • Fusion: two species may merge into one population
      • Stability: stable hybrid zones mean hybrids are more fit than parents, thus creating a stable population, but can be selected against in hybrid zones as well
    • Punctuated equilibria: long periods of no or little change evolutionarily punctuated by short periods of large change, gradualism is just slow evolution
    • Evidence of evolution
      • Paleontology (Fossils)
      • Comparative Anatomy
      • Embryology: embryos look the same as they grow
      • Biogeography: distribution of flora and fauna in the environment (pangea!)
      • Biochemical: DNA and proteins and stuff, also glycolysis
    • Phylogenetic trees
      • Monophyletic: common ancestor and all descendants
      • Polyphyletic: descendants with different ancestors
      • Paraphyletic: leaving specifies out of group
    • Out group: basal taxon, doesn’t have traits others do
    • Cline: graded variation within species (i.e. different stem heights based on altitude)
    • Anagenesis: one species turning into another species
    • Cladogenesis: one species turning into multiple species
    • Taxon: classification/grouping
    • Clade: group of species with common ancestor
    • Horizontal gene transfer: genes thrown between bacteria
    • Shared derived characters: unique to specific group
    • Shared primitive/ancestral characters: not unique to a specific group but is shared within group
  • Origins of life
    • Stages
      • Inorganic formation of organic monomers (miller-urey experiment)
      • Inorganic formation of organic polymers (catalytic surfaces like hot rock or sand)
      • Protobionts and compartmentalization (liposomes, micelles)
      • DNA evolution (RNA functions as enzyme)
    • Shared evolutionary characteristics across all domains
      • Membranes
      • Cell comm.
      • Gene to protein
      • DNA
      • Proteins
    • Extant = not extinct
    • Highly conserved genes = low rates of mutation in history due to criticalness (like electron transport chain)
    • Molecular clock: dating evolution using DNA evidence
    • Extinction causes niches for species to fill
    • Eukaryotes all have common ancestor (shown by membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, and introns)

Calculations

  • Hardy-Weinberg
    • p + q = 1
    • p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1
  • Chi Squared

Labs

  • Artificial Selection Lab
    • Trichrome trait hairs
    • Anthocyanin for second trait (purple stems)
    • Function of the purple pigment?
    • Function of trichome hairs?
  • BLAST Lab
    • Putting nucleotides into a database outputs similar genes

Relevant Experiments

  • Darwin
  • Lamarck
  • Miller-Urey
    • Slapped some water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen is some flasks and simulated early earth with heat and stuff and it made some amino acids.
submitted by valiantseal to u/valiantseal [link] [comments]

Threads about masturbating and porn

A selection of threads:
DATE TITLE DESCRIPTION TOP COMMENT
11 JUNE 2018 Long post - 15 year porn addiction I hate porn so much. It is consuming my life and I want nothing to do with it. NOTHING. I do feel trapped by my circumstances and hereditary. My parents are both addicts. I'm an only child, but am now a 25 year old man. It's always been hard for me to connect with others, even though I've gotten better with it over the years. I understand that having real relationships with others is one of the greatest blessings and joys a person can have. Having a close relationship is so foundational to our spiritual, mental, emotional, and even physical health. Pornography is a counterfeit and mockery to relationships, but because of my only child introvertness and years of mental damage from my addictive behaviors, I struggle so hard to stay away. Honestly you should see a counselor. As good as Bishops or other leaders can be in terms of guidance, they are not counselors (unless of course that's their day job). They simply are not given the training to deal with issues that connect so deeply to cognition and self worth. Even if you go and seek a Bishops advice, see a counselor as well. From your post it sounds like you're struggling on multiple levels, not only with the 'addiction' itself, but with the cycle of guilt and compulsion that comes with it, as well as managing your expectations of relationships. Seek professional help, a therapist is there not only to listen to you, but also to point out patterns of thought that you may be unaware of. They can give you the tools to operate on a day to day basis.
05 JUNE 2018 How to still have hope while having an addiction? Today I have relapsed after 3 weeks. I'm struggling with M and it's very discouraging to start over again. I feel awful after it and I still mess up. I'm reading my scriptures and praying daily. And I have a friend that I talk to about it which helps a lot. But I still mess up and I'm still addicted. How can I stop this cycle? Once every 3 weeks isn't an addiction. Bring it down a little and don't be so hard on yourself. I'm not saying eat drink and be merry, I'm just saying: give this an amount of effort and attention that is appropriate, which is a lot less than I think you're giving it now.
01 June 2018 Pornography Addictions So then my real question is how do you overcome pornography use to the point where you despise the very thought of it? I'm hoping this community has success stories and principles to live by. Sin is pleasurable, it's in its very nature so I'm not sure you can....at least Initially, but that's not to say that overtime one won't. What I mean by this is that in our very biology we are wired to desire sex. For guys, this testosterone is actually a good thing and other physical problems arise from low testosterone. What I mean by this is that it isn't necessarily a "temptation" from Satan, but rather a result of having a body that we learn overtimes to subjugate to holier things. Its built into our DNA to want to procreate, so to say that you are going to rewire you DNA is a pretty big step. I also think you'll fail if that is the goal. I don't think you should worry about despising the very thought of it. Rather, acknowledge its there, that sex drive in the right way is appropriate, and decide that meaningful gospel living is more valuable than expedient porn usage.
25 March 2018 Friend fell into addiction - Church Discipline A friend of mine approached me about a big burden he's baring right now. He is an Elders Quorum president in his singles ward, and has been for almost a year. Problem is, he's fallen back into his addiction to porn and masturbation on a fairly regular basis, for the first time in quite a while. He attributes it to the increasing stress that being eqp, doing full time work, and nearly full time school is causing him. His worry, and therefore my own question, is what kind of church discipline can he expect to receive should he open up to his bishop and/or stake president about this? Would he be released without delay? Disfellowshipped? Excommunicated? The handbook prohibits formal discipline for pornography usage. Worst case scenario is that he's released.
27 July 2017 I'm getting kinda worried I recently did my endowments and I'm so blessed to have done them but as of late sexual urges, in particular masturbation and pornography, are creeping up on me and I don't know what to do. I know that once endowed, we are held to a higher standard and as such I'm worried that if I slip and mess up sooner or later, that I'll have some serious spiritual consequences. Any help is appreciated. First, do whatever you have to do to get away from it. If that means using a dumbphone and selling your laptop, do it. (That probably wouldn't be the worst idea even if you didn't have this temptation.) If you're trying to lose weight, and you keep a bunch of junk food in the fridge, you'll never have the willpower - but if you make the decision not to buy it in the first place, it becomes a lot easier. Second, recognize that you've got a long road ahead, and you will not be sinless, and you are not expected to be sinless. You will need the Atonement. I'm not trying to excuse sin - you're not wrong that there are "serious spiritual consequences" for things like pornography.
21 July 2017 20 years old, Porn addict. Right now, I am feeling awful. I feel dead inside, like a living corpse with no soul. I am so angry and disappointed in myself I don’t know how to put it into words. I have been fighting PMO (Porn, Masturbation, and Orgasm) addiction for nearly 7 years now. I can’t remember when I first started watching it, but I’ve always known it was wrong. I don’t know what to do anymore. Recently, I was on a 20 day streak but I blew it on day 21. When I blow a streak, I binge because that evil little voice in my head says “What’s the point, you’ve already blown all your progress? You’re screwed, and you can’t beat this. Just go watch more porn.” So I binged. I think I’ve gone 6-7 times just within the past 48 hours. I am a heavy addict. I hate what I do. First of all, give yourself a break. Guilt is only good when it motivates you towards positive action. Unfortunately, a lot of the guilt young men feel around pornography issues is counterproductive because it feeds the problem, rather than curing it. So cutting yourself some slack is one of the first steps. You have no idea how many men are exactly like you. In our society, men that are able to completely abstain from pornography are the exception, not the rule. When you measure your success by having zero incidents, you set yourself up for failure when you ultimately relapse. You've implemented an "all-or-nothing" reward system, so when you do relapse, you binge because you've already broken the only rule you set for yourself, so you might as well go all-in right?
20 April 2017 I've been watching softcore porn and masturbating since I was 11-12. I'm 17 now and will either go to a semester or two of college, or preferrably, get over my problems and go on a mission immediately. I've been meeting with the bishop for years, but nothing's working. Help? I've been trying for 5 years, and I still can rarely get past a week without a relapse. After I started meeting with the bishop, I got to 21 days (record is 23), and then couldn't get past 4 days until a week or two ago. Hoping to be consistent with that. I make it through a streak by not having urges, or just having small ones, but once a serious or long-lasting one shows up, I can't resist forever. I haven't made ANY significant lasting progress, and I need to soon. This highlights for me what might be a starting place. You aren't applying the atonement to yourself. Not serving a mission won't ruin you. Serving later than 18 won't ruin you. Being a sinner (no matter what the sin is) won't ruin you.
06 November 2016 Long term Pornography Addiction... Please Help So, I've struggled with a pornography addiction for quite awhile now. Years. I'm only 21 years old. Before my mission I'd struggled with it, and now afterwards. I've talked to my bishop before, and have mostly gotten past it. I can go on long streaks without viewing pornography, but masturbation still is a constant. I've just always assumed I've had a pretty high sex drive, I don't know. Anyway, now for my question... I've got a very serious girlfriend, soon to be fiancé in the next few months, who once told me that me watching pornography is one thing that would really break her heart... she knows I'd had a problem with it in the PAST. Do I tell her about my issue with masturbation? You've already decided what path to choose, so I won't suggest anything for you to do. I will say that a marriage based on total trust and honesty has helped me and my wife immensely. If she chooses to reject you based on your past or your current, then you will need to accept that. If she loves you enough that she wants to work it out with you, then you have a tell-tale sign that she is a mature woman. I can tell you that when I was no longer able to attend the temple, take the sacrament, or even pray in church, it was a pretty big sign to all the girls in my singles ward that I coudn't take them to the temple. I chose to still show up to church early and live my faith for myself and not for the praise of others. It ended up that me still participating in church when I wasn't allowed to impressed a girl enough that we started dating and we now have a few wonderful kids.
10 June 2016 The church has recently been implementing more resources for pornography addiction as well as being more open about how most men do struggle with it to some degree. What is the healthiest way to deal with the problem knowing that this is true? I'm at the point where I end up with a lapse once every 4-6 months or so, and it's been that way for since my mission (6 years ago). I'm not exactly sure how to improve on that, since it seems to be an unending pattern, even though I would like to be better. At the same time, I'm trying to deal with it in a much more healthy way than I knew how to, as in my pre-mission days, or even newly-returned RM days, where self-loathing was the first reaction, so I'm trying to be realistic as in I know that a majority of men struggle with pornography in one way or another (they have said numbers like 80% in our singles ward Elders Quorum) and that I am able to avoid seeking it out more than about 3 times in an entire year, yet I still often feel unworthy, a little bit hopeless, and in some cases a bit apathetic in assuming that I'll ever be much better. Masturbation was always a constant struggle and source of self loathing. But one day in college my bishop said "every man struggles with this." that changed everything for me. It wasn't my own unique fithiness any more. I was normal and going through the same thing as others. I wasn't a mutant. Reducing that stress level of thinking nobody could understand me and feeling like it was the greatest sin in the world finally made it possible to stop. separate your behaviors from your characterizations of yourself. you are more than your actions. everybody has these challenges. even the best people you know.
03 March 2016 Dating a porn addict Are there any guys out there who do not struggle with pornography? As of late, I've been feeling like I'll never find someone to date who is not addicted it. I Understand that it is a temptation for all men but does everyone have a constant struggle with it? It might be helpful if you'd define addiction. Consider this. Access to pornography today is almost as easy as access to impure thoughts was 20 years ago. Would it be reasonable to expect someone to never have an impure thought? With phones, tablets, computers, and media today we will almost be guaranteed access in a moment of vulnerability. The exposure will not necessarily be accidental. I think it's safe to say that almost every young man(and the majority of young women) in the church will not only view pornographic material in their lifetime, but seek it out. Many will repent, turn away, and relapse later down the road. It's a long term struggle for many many people.
24 February 2016 (serious) help with a few things First of all, I've been addicted to porn for about 2 years. How do I go about repenting? I've tried stopping and the most I've gone without viewing is 2 weeks. I don't feel like talking to the bishop would help at all I feel like I would just feel embarrassed and ashamed. First and foremost, go talk to your bishop. Guilt and shame are not bad to feel. More than just a recognition that you've done something that violates your personal ethics, they can act invitations from God to realize you've done something wrong and need to change. God does not expect us to wallow in them though, just as He knows change is often impossible on our own. Do not be so quick to use the resources He has given you, to aid you and help you. You bishop is the foremost of these aids.
02 May 2015 I'm having some issues So I have been having issues with masturbation and pornography for a while now. When I was 12 I went on certain sites that were in no way pornographic, but they got me started. Fast forward a few years, and I am addicted to masturbation. I am not as much hooked on porn, but I do use it as a tool when I can. Relax. It's really not a big deal. 99.9% of everyone man you see at church does or has done it. Even packer, he who is so harsh, put it this way: "It is not anything so wicked nor is it a transgression so great that the Lord would reject you because of it..." So don't let it destroy your self worth. It shouldn't. If it's something you want to quit, be patient with yourself.
02 August 2014 I am struggling with a pornography addiction, looking to repent and truly change I have struggled with porn on and off for years, I was able to get my act together to be worthy to serve a mission. I got home and it slowly crept back into my life, once again I was able to stop for like a year and I got married in the temple at the beginning of the this year. Now it has become a problem again. I am really feeling so powerless right now, and I can feel it affecting my relationship, my motivation, my spirituality, etc. I really want to take care of this once and for all but I just....can't believe in myself right now. It is time for me to reach out. I am so terrified of this destroying my marriage (my wife doesnt know) Please guys, help me out. Porn/masturbation can often serve as self medication for the things in life that drag you down. If guilt and shame are dragging you down, you might have created a cycle bouncing you between the cause and the effect. Just food for thought..
20 July 2014 I'm only 15 and I'm severely addicted to porn. Any advice? I'm 15 and I'm looking up porn 2-3 times a day on my iPod touch with Incognito Mode on Chrome (freakin' Google out of all people had to be the enabler to my addiction). I've even lied my way into the priesthood and the temple, which is something I could not be more ashamed of. I feel horrible. It makes me feel like crap after I look at it, and I've even felt depressed all day. I can't stand it. It's making me hate my life. Please, I'm begging of you, somebody give me some advice. You will find more love and support by going to your bishop than you can currently imagine. The hardest part is going to him, but you can do it. You will have to do it eventually, and doing it now will be much better than later. He will help you grow closer to Jesus Christ and the Atonement. You will begin to feel a deep sense of peace and happiness as you begin to make your way back. It is scary bow, I know, but once you've confessed and begin working on it you will kick yourself for having not done it sooner. God loves you and is aware of your struggles. He is displeased, but not even close to as much as you think. He is already extending his comforting arm of love, ready to embrace you, if only you will now reach out to him. You can do it. Pray for help to have the courage to do it. Good luck my friend, and feel free to PM about anything.
12 June 2013 I messed up. I discovered masturbation a few years ago while going through some really tough family struggles and I don't know why I even started. I continued doing it after my baptism a year ago. I would stop for a long time and then randomly do it. The a few months ago I was curious about pornography. I watched quite a bit of it. I feel awful and usually I would fast forward throughout it...but it is still inexcusable. I was reading about what would stop me from going on a mission and those were a couple of things. Since then I have stopped looking at pornographic material and stopped the other thing. It hasn't been that long. I don't think I could admit this to my bishop as it would be mortifying...please help? I know other people have already kind of covered stuff, but I wanted to weigh in. Our church has developed such a shame on sex. Having a sex drive is not a bad thing. And just because you explore that does not make you a bad person nor do you lose your virtue. Repentance is there for everything. Not "you can repent unless you masturbate. If you do I will hate you forever." Seriously. Just repent, move past it and move on. Buck up soldier. You will do great on your mission because you have had experiences that have made you a stronger person :)
24 April 2013 I'm a 16 year old male latter day saint, and i am addicted to pornography. Before i got baptized is when i started looking at porn. When i got baptized i thought i would stop. I couldnt. Over the years i have tried over and over again to stop. I have't told anyone. I keep telling myself "no more" and then i do it again and again. I havent really fully devoted myself to stopping. I guess thats what an addiction is. Every time i do it, i feel this terrible guilt inside of me. I hate disappointing Heavenly Father. The other day in seminary, we wrote on a piece of paper things we didnt like about ourselves. And wrote "the old me" on it, then put the piece of paper in a paper shredder. Then we got another paper, and wrote "the new me" on it, and wrote things we wanted to start doing. On the first paper i obviously put viewing pornography on it, among other things. I am not saying you shouldn't feel guilty - but ease up a little. The great deceiver wants you to hate yourself. Don't. You're still an awesome, cool, righteous young man - you just aren't perfect.... like everyone else. You will serve a mission if you desire to. You'll get married in the Temple if you desire to. Pornography will only hold you back as much as you let it. Mercy and the atonement never end, so if/when you do "slip up" on your road to recovery just remember, IT'S OK and the world isn't over. God still loves you and the atonement is always available to you.
24 March 2013 How can I overcome masturbation addiction? I'm desperate now, I have not been able to knock it for 3 years now and it's going to push back my mission call if I don't stop now. On the plus side, I've never looked at porn in my life. I usually feel sad and remorseful when I cave, but today I'm just so angry at myself. Any tips? First, recognize that it probably won't push back your mission call. Big surprise: pretty much everyone is going through exactly the same thing, with varying degrees of success. The bishop and stake president understand this. At least you're honest with yourself and with the bishop--the same can't be said of everyone. Second, the sad and remorseful feelings help you move in the right direction. Satan will try to convince you that you're a horrible person and don't deserve to go on a mission. He'll also try to convince you that you might as well give up if you slip. Don't take a slip as a setback--take it as a stepping stone on the path of progress. Third, keep yourself busy doing other things. You might get so caught up that you think to yourself, "wow, it's been like six months now? a year?" You'll still have a libido, but that just means you're normal.
10 March 2013 I really, REALLY badly want to serve a mission, but... I've had a problem with masturbation (not necessarily porn) for several years. I went and talked to this same bishop about it back in october, and he said it was a good idea to not get a temple recommend, but I could still partake of the sacrament and stuff, until I get this resolved. I've been sincerely wanting to quit; but it's been a few months since i've last spoke with him and I have not completely quit yet. The most i've been able to go is about a week and a half. I feel like I'm doing better than I was before I talked to him last, but I don't know how well-off I have to be doing to be worthy to serve. By the way, some people have these issues on their mission also. It is up to the discretion of the Mission President to decide what exactly needs to be done about it, but I know from a trustworthy source that it is possible to continue to your mission and receive mental counseling (they have people called to do this) weekly.
08 February 2013 I am 20, addicted to pornography, but I want to serve. Is it too late? I have a strong desire to serve a mission, but I am already 20 (pushing 21) and I am addicted to pornography, have been since I was a young teen. I have not yet talked to my bishop about this (I know I need to) but I was wondering, will this prevent me from serving if I repent and come clean?... Also, any tips for getting clean? Whether I am able to go or not, I want to get clean. Tips, tricks, advice? I dealt with this as well from the age of 12 to the age of 17. I still have trouble resisting some days. However I've been called to serve in the Teresina Brazil mission. The answer to your question is its still very possible. :) /noFap is a HUGE help for these things.
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quorum sensing define biology video

Lux Operon, Quorum Sensing, and Bioluminescence - YouTube Quorum sensing in bacteria 2 - YouTube What is quorum sensing? - YouTube Auto induction Protein expression in E coli - YouTube Dr. Christine Jones - Quorum Sensing In The Soil ... Bacterial Quorum Sensing in Plain English - YouTube Quorum Sensing - YouTube agr system

Recently, quorum sensing (QS) has been described as a phenomenon contributing to morphogenic control in C. albicans. Quorum sensing is a process of cell-to-cell communication by which individual cells regulate their phenotype in response to the extracellular concentration of small molecules. This is achieved by the secretion of small molecules into the environment that bind sensory proteins and directly or indirectly affect transcription and translation. This process, termed quorum sensing, allows bacteria to monitor the environment for other bacteria and to alter behavior on a population-wide scale in response to changes in the number and/or species present in a community. Most quorum-sensing-controlled processes are unproductive when undertaken by an individual bacterium acting alone but become beneficial when carried out simultaneously by a large number of cells. Thus, quorum sensing confuses the distinction between prokaryotes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that coordinates the production of many virulence phenotypes at high population density via quorum sensing (QS). The LuxR-type receptor RhlR plays an important role in the P. aeruginosa QS process, and there is considerable interest in the development of chemical approaches to modulate the activity of this protein. RhlR is activated by a simple, low molecular weight N-acyl l-homoserine lactone signal, N-butanoyll-homoserine lactone (BHL quorum sensing a process in which unicellular organisms secrete signal molecules that influence the behaviour of a population of identical organisms, but only when the density (number of cells per unit volume) of that population is above a certain level. Cells sense the concentration of the secreted signal molecule, often a homoserine lactone, which tells them how many other cells are in their environment. When a threshold concentration of the signal molecule is reached, the population cholerae secretes haemagglutinin/protease (HAP) that degrades the gelatinous matrix of chironomid egg masses and prevents hatching. Quorum sensing (QS) activates HAP production in response to accumulation of bacterial autoinducers (AIs). Our aim was to define the impact of chironomid microbiota on HAP production by V. cholerae. Quorum-sensing autoinducer molecules produced by members of a multispecies biofilm promote horizontal gene transfer to Vibrio cholerae. Antonova ES(1), Hammer BK. Author information: (1)School of Biology, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera and a natural inhabitant of aquatic Quorum sensing, mechanism by which bacteria regulate gene expression in accordance with population density through the use of signal molecules. Quorum sensing allows bacteria populations to communicate and coordinate group behaviour and commonly is used by pathogens (disease-causing organisms) in disease and infection processes. Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The detection of a minimal threshold stimulatory concentration of an autoinducer leads to Define pathogenicity. Define virulence. Even though a microorganism may be considered pathogenic, it still may not be able to cause disease upon entering the body. Discuss why. Define and briefly describe the overall process of quorum sensing in bacteria and how it may enable bacteria to behave as a multicellular population.

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Lux Operon, Quorum Sensing, and Bioluminescence - YouTube

Please like and subscribe to help us make more videos!Credits:3D models:Video copilot - Motion Design 2 & Halloween Pack Modelshttps://www.turbosquid.com/Ful... Quorum Sensing in bacteriach10a03Copyright: Microbiology An Evolving Science 3rd edition Hi, this is Suman Bhattacharjee from Shomu’s Biology and this is an online biology channel about free online courses in biology and free online biology lectures covering multiple biology fields ... The ability of bacteria to sense other bacteria. Filmed by NC State students. Quorum Sensing In The Soil Microbiome (Understanding The Role Of Soil Microbial Interactions For Soil Health) - Dr. Christine Jones, Soil Ecologist, Australi... J. Woodland Hastings (Harvard U): Autoinduction: The Discovery of Quorum Sensing in Bacteria - Duration: 11:54. iBiology Science Stories 3,754 views. ... Biology animation videos 82,540 views. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Quorum Sensing in Gram Positive Bacteria - Duration: 5:52. 47strings 3,983 views. ... Biology animation videos 34,320 views. 2:19. Virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ... This quorum sensing lecture explains about what is quorum sensing of baceteria? and what is the importance of quorum sensing as a molecular cross talk betwee... This quorum sensing lecture under the quorum sensing video series demonstrates the fascinating mechanisms behind the bacterial chemical communication called ...

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